Liver Cancer Treatment - Types, Success Rate, Recovery

Liver cancer treatment eliminates cancerous tumours or cells from the liver. The approach to treatment varies based on the stage of the cancer and the patient’s health. The methods focus on controlling the growth of cancer cells or tumours, alleviating symptoms, and improving the individual’s quality of life.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver

The liver is a wedge-shaped, reddish-brown organ in the human body. It is divided into the larger right lobe and the shorter left lobe:

1. These lobes contain various blood vessels, allowing blood to travel through the liver.

2. They are divided into thousands of small lobules that connect with bile ducts (tubes carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine).

The liver performs various functions. Some of the most important ones include the following:

1. Clears toxins from the blood.

2. Makes bile (a digestive fluid that breaks down food).

3. Metabolises carbohydrates, proteins, and fat.

4. Stores vitamins and minerals which are released into the bloodstream when needed.

5. Produces substances responsible for blood clotting.

Liver cancer treatment is crucial for individuals exhibiting symptoms indicative of the disease. Recognising the following physical manifestations early can lead to effective treatment options:

1. Abdominal pain or swelling

2. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

3. Dark urine

4. Loss of appetite

5. Nausea and vomiting

6. Persistent fatigue

7. Unexplained weight loss

Treatment for liver cancer offers a range of significant benefits that improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Here are some key advantages:

1. Liver cancer survival rate can extend with effective treatment as it controls the growth and spread of cancer cells.

2. It can alleviate symptoms such as pain, jaundice, and abdominal swelling, improving the patient’s quality of life.

3. If diagnosed early, treatment can eliminate cancer cells.

4. It can prevent serious complications such as liver failure, severe infections, and metastasis to other organs.

5. Advances in treatment allow for tailored approaches that consider the patient’s specific type and stage of cancer, leading to more effective outcomes.

When diagnosed with cancer, patients may feel overwhelmed. Preparing for liver cancer treatment involves a series of important steps to ensure the patient is ready for the procedure, both physically and mentally.

Before Liver Cancer Treatment

Before liver cancer treatment, patients undergo evaluations to determine their suitability for the procedure. The doctor gives instructions about fasting, medications, and smoking.

On the Day of Liver Cancer Treatment

Liver cancer treatment options include various medical procedures to remove cancerous cells from the liver. The primary methods are mentioned below:

Non-Surgical Treatments

Surgical Oncologist may recommend these approaches when patients cannot undergo surgery due to the number, size, or progression of tumours. These options include:

1. Radio Frequency Ablation: It uses heat to destroy the malignant tissue in localised or recurrent cancers. The steps involved are as follows:

1. The liver doctor guides a needle into the cancer tissue using an ultrasound machine.

2. They insert an electrode into the top of the needle, which sends radio waves to the affected tissue, killing nearby cells.

2. Transarterial Chemoembolisation (TACE): This involves delivering a high concentration of drugs directly to the liver tumour and blocking its blood supply. It is performed for locally advanced or stage 3 cancer. The treatment involves the following steps:

1. The interventional radiologist inserts a catheter into an incision and guides it to the tumour.

2. They inject the tumour with liver cancer chemotherapy drugs.

3. After the procedure, the catheter is removed, and the cut is covered with a bandage.

3. Radiation Therapy: It is an emerging treatment for all stages of liver cancer. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is the most common form that delivers high doses of radiation to the tumour.

4. Targeted Therapy: The hepatologists uses drugs to target molecules involved in cancer cell growth and spread. These are administered in stage 3 or stage 4 liver cancer. Some common medications include bevacizumab, cabozantinib, and lenvatinib.

5. Immunotherapy: This involves using drugs that help the immune system recognise and attack cancer cells in locally advanced or metastatic stages. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a type of this treatment.

Surgical Treatment

The surgery is recommended for localised liver cancer. Options include:

1. Partial Hepatectomy: The surgery involves removing the portion of the liver affected by cancer cells. It is also performed for recurring cancers. The steps of the surgery are as follows:

1. The surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to access the liver.

2. They remove the tumour along with a portion of the surrounding healthy liver tissue.

3. The medical team closes the incision with sutures or staples.

2. Liver Transplant: It replaces the diseased liver with a healthy donor liver. Here’s how the procedure is performed:

1. The surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen.

2. They detach the diseased liver from the blood vessels and bile ducts and remove it from the body.

3. The healthy donor liver is positioned in place of the removed liver.

4. The surgeon connects the bile ducts and blood vessels to the transplanted liver to restore bile drainage and blood flow.

5. The incision is closed with staples or sutures.

Note: The best treatment for liver cancer is selected based on the patient’s age, stage of cancer, and the liver doctor’s opinion.

"In India, we integrated advanced imaging techniques like multiphasic CT and MRI has truly revolutionised liver cancer diagnosis, enabling earlier detection and better treatment outcomes. This is considered a multidisciplinary approach that ensures that each patient receives precise, technologically advanced, and holistic care for their medical needs."

- Dr Vasudevan KR

GI Surgery and Liver Transplant

Recovery after liver cancer treatment is a critical phase that involves careful monitoring to ensure the best possible outcomes. During this period, patients need to follow a comprehensive care plan provided by their doctor.

In Hospital Recovery

Hospital stay after liver cancer treatment varies depending on the type of treatment. Surgery requires patients to stay in the hospital for one to three weeks. However, other techniques, like radiotherapy and chemoembolisation, are generally performed on an outpatient basis.

For surgery, patients can expect the following in the surgical centre:

1. Individuals are moved to a recovery room, where the nursing staff monitors their vitals and the effects of the anaesthesia.

2. The doctor prescribes pain medications to manage discomfort.

3. The medical team takes blood samples to check the working of the liver.

4. Patients begin drinking liquids and slowly reintroduce solid foods.

At-Home Recovery

The duration of recovery after liver cancer therapy or treatment differs depending on the selected approach. For liver resection or transplant, the initial recovery can range between one and two months. Other methods like radiofrequency ablation, this period may last for up to a week.

Individuals should follow the guidelines mentioned below:

1. Keep the incision wound clean and dry after surgery.

2. Take all prescribed medications, including pain relievers, as directed.

3. Gradually resume physical activities as tolerated, avoiding heavy lifting and strenuous exercise until cleared by the surgical oncologist.

4. Monitor for signs of infection, rejection, or other complications. Report any issues to healthcare providers promptly.

5. Seek support from counselling, loved ones, or mental health experts to help cope with the emotional aspects of recovery.

First Follow-up Appointment

The first follow-up appointment after liver cancer treatment is a critical step in the recovery process. It is scheduled within the first two weeks of the procedure and includes the following:

1. Removing incision stitches and checking for signs of complications

2. Performing blood tests to monitor liver function

3. Conducting imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI, or ultrasound

4. Discussing any symptoms or side effects that the patient experiences

The schedule for the follow-up appointments is as follows:

1. Every three months in the first year for advanced liver cancer treatments like liver resection, radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolisation, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.

2. Weekly for the first six weeks after a liver transplant.

While liver cancer treatment can offer significant benefits, it also carries risks and complications that patients should be aware of. Common issues associated with these methods, especially surgery, are as follows:

1. Infection

2. Bleeding

3. Blood clots

4. Anaesthesia complications

5. Recurrence of cancer

6. Organ damage

Risks specific to radiation therapy, chemoembolisation, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy may include the following:

1. Fatigue

2. Headaches

3. Low blood count

4. Loss of appetite

5. Skin rash

6. Hair loss

When to call a doctor?

Experiencing discomforting symptoms after liver cancer procedures can be a sign of complications. Patients should know when to consult a hepatologists post-treatment. Consider the following

1. Persistent fever

2. Severe pain, redness, or swelling at the insertion site

3. Vomiting or diarrhoea

4. Bleeding or bruising at the wound site

5. Jaundice

6. Weakness or numbness in arms or legs

7. Swelling in the abdomen

Prompt treatment of liver cancer is crucial to managing the disease effectively and improving the chances of a successful outcome. Delaying intervention can lead to various complications, including:

1. Liver cancer success rate may worsen as the cancer continues to grow and spread.

2. There is an increased risk of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, bones, or lymph nodes. Postponing treatment lowers the chances of long-term survival.

3. It can cause an increased risk of complications such as jaundice and ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen).

Liver cancer treatment cost in India can vary significantly based on various factors, such as the stage of cancer, the method used, and the doctor’s experience. The following table includes the price:

Note: The costs mentioned above are approximate. Patients should consult HexaHealth experts for accurate pricing details.

The factors that affect the cost of the treatment are as follows:

1. Type of Treatment: Different treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, have varying costs.

2. Stage of Cancer: The complexity and extent of care required often increase with more advanced stages, leading to higher expenses.

3. Surgeon Expertise: Fees for highly experienced surgeons and specialists can add to the final bill.

4. Type of Healthcare Facility: Prices vary depending on the hospital or clinic, with top-tier facilities generally charging more for their services.

5. Diagnostic Tests: Frequent and advanced evaluations, such as CT scans, MRIs, and blood tests, can contribute to the overall cost.

6. Insurance: The extent of coverage offered by health insurance can affect out-of-pocket expenses.

Liver cancer treatment involves various approaches to managing and eliminating cancerous cells. It aims to improve outcomes and quality of life. Early detection is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of these treatments.

HexaHealth assists you in understanding liver cancer prognosis and finding the right care option. Our platform provides access to expert medical advice and support services to guide you through every step of the treatment. With HexaHealth, you can feel confident in managing your liver cancer effectively.

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